VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker) The German counterpart of the U.S. Underwriters Lab.

TUV (Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein) Literally "Technical Watch-Over Association." A German certifying body involved with product safety for the European community. The "TUV Rheinland" mark is placed on tested and approved electrical and electronic devices like the UL (Underwriters Laboratory) seal in the U.S.